ISE Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

Setting the Standard for a Chemistry Text

Chemistry deals with observable changes caused by unobservable atomic-scale events, requiring an appreciation of a size gap of mind-boggling proportions. One of the text’s goals coincides with that of so many instructors: to help students visualize chemical events on the molecular scale. Thus, concepts are explained first at the macroscopic level and then from a molecular point of view, with pedagogic illustrations always placed next to the discussions to bring the point home for today’s visually oriented students.

The problem-solving approach, based on the four-step method widely accepted by experts in chemical education, is introduced in Chapter 1 and employed consistently throughout the text. It encourages students to plan a logical approach to a problem, and only then proceed to solve it. Each sample problem includes a check, which fosters the habit of “thinking through” both the chemical and the quantitative reasonableness of the answer. Finally, for practice and reinforcement, each sample problem is followed immediately by two similar follow-up problems. And Chemistry marries problem solving to visualizing models with molecular-scene problems, which appear not only in homework sets, as in other texts, but also in the running text, where they are worked out stepwise.

As the most practical science, chemistry should have a textbook that highlights its countless applications. Moreover, today’s students may enter emerging chemistry-related hybrid fields, like biomaterials science or planetary geochemistry, and the text they use should point out the relevance of chemical concepts to such related sciences. The Chemical Connections and Tools of the Laboratory boxed essays (which include problems for added relevance), the more pedagogic margin notes, and the many applications woven into the chapter content are up-to-date, student-friendly features that are directly related to the neighboring content.

A favorite feature, the section summaries that conclude every section restate the major ideas concisely and immediately (rather than postponing such review until the end of the chapter).

A rich catalog of study aids ends each chapter to help students review the content:

• Learning Objectives, with section and/or sample problem numbers, focus on the concepts to understand and the skills to master.

• Key Terms, boldfaced and defined within the chapter, are listed here by section (with page numbers), as well as being defined in the Glossary.

• Key Equations and Relationships are highlighted and numbered within the chapter and listed here with page numbers.

• Brief Solutions to Follow-up Problems triple the number of worked problems by providing multistep calculations at the end of the chapter, rather than just numerical answers at the back of the book.

Finally, an exceptionally large number of qualitative, quantitative, and molecular-scene problems end each chapter. Four types of problems are presented—three by chapter section, with comprehensive problems following:

• Concept Review Questions test qualitative understanding of key ideas.

• Skill-Building Exercises are grouped in similar pairs, with one of each pair answered in the back of the book. A group of similar exercises may begin with explicit steps and increase in difficulty, gradually weaning the student from the need for multistep directions.

• Problems in Context apply the skills learned in the skill-building exercises to interesting scenarios, including realistic examples dealing with industry, medicine, and the environment.

• Comprehensive Problems, mostly based on realistic applications, are more challenging and rely on material from any section of the current chapter or any previous chapter.

Optimizing the Text

Our revision for the ninth edition focused on continued optimization of the text. To aid us in this process, we were able to use data from literally thousands of student responses to questions in SmartBook probes, the adaptive learning system that assesses student knowledge of course content. The data, such as average time spent answering each question and the percentage of students who correctly answered the question on the first attempt, revealed the learning objectives that students found particularly difficult. We utilized several approaches to present these difficult concepts in a clear, straightforward way in the ninth edition of Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change.

Making the concepts clearer through digital learning resources. Students will be able to access digital learning resources throughout this text’s SmartBook. These learning resources present summaries of concepts and worked examples, including videos of chemistry instructors solving problems or modeling concepts that students can view over and over again. Thus, students can have an “office hour” moment at any time.

We are very pleased to incorporate real student data points and input, derived from thousands of our Smart-Book users, to help guide our revision. SmartBook Heat Maps provided a quick visual snapshot of usage of portions of the text and the relative difficulty students experienced in mastering the content. With these data, we were able to both hone our text content when needed and, for particularly challenging concepts, point students to the learning resource videos that can elucidate and reinforce those concepts. You’ll see these marginal features throughout the text. Students should log into Connect and view the resources through our SmartBook.

Applying ideas with enhanced problems throughout the chapters. The much admired four-part problem-solving format (plan, solution, check, follow-up) is retained in the ninth edition, in both data-based and molecular-scene Sample Problems. Two Follow-up Problems are included with each sample problem, as well as a list of Similar Problems within the end-of-chapter problem set. Brief Solutions for all of the follow-up problems appear at the end of each chapter (rather than providing just a numerical answer in a distant end-of-book appendix, as is typical). The ninth edition has over 250 sample problems and over 500 follow-up problems. In many chapters, several sample and follow-up problems (and their brief solutions) were revised in this edition with two goals in mind. We sought to provide students with a variety of problems that would clearly elucidate concepts and demonstrate problem-solving techniques, while giving students the opportunity to be challenged and gain competence. We also included more intermediate steps in the solutions to both sample and follow-up problems so that students could more easily follow the solutions.

Re-learning ideas with annotated illustrations. The innovative three-level figures and other art that raised the bar for molecular visualization in chemistry textbooks is still present. Several existing figures have been revised and several new ones added to create an even better teaching tool. We continue to streamline figure legends by placing their content into clarifying annotations with the figures themselves.

Mastering the content with abundant end-of-chapter problem sets. New problems were added to several chapter problem sets, providing students and teachers with abundant choices in a wide range of difficulty and real-life scenarios. The problem sets are more extensive than in most other texts.

In addition to the general optimization of concept explanations and problem solutions throughout the text, specific improvements were made to most chapters:

• Chapter 1 has a revised discussion of significant figures to make this important topic clearer, two revised sample problems on significant figures and rounding in calculations, and a new follow-up problem on using density in calculations.

• Chapter 2 includes an improved discussion on mass spec-trometry, isotopic composition, and atomic mass; five new figures to aid in nomenclature of compounds, including a summary nomenclature decision tree; and two new end-of-chapter problems on naming compounds.

• Chapter 3 now features two new problem-solving Student Hot Spot resources on mass/moles/molecules conversions and on determination of a molecular formula; and revisions to four sample problems on stoichiometry.

• Chapter 4 has been reorganized for better flow and clarity; there is a new table on the types of electrolytes, a revised sample problem on the stoichiometry of ions in solution, and a revised sample problem on writing acid-base reactions.

• Chapter 5 now has three improved sample problems and two revised figures on gas laws.

• Chapter 6 includes heavily revised sample problems on heat, temperature change, and specific heat capacity; Hess’s Law; and calculations with heat of formation values. The Chemical Connections on energy has been updated.

• Chapter 7 includes a new video to help students understand line spectra, three revised figures, and a revised sample problem on quantum numbers.

• Chapter 8 incorporates a new figure to illustrate penetration and shielding of 4s vs. 3d orbitals, four revised figures (on electron spin, orbital filling, element reactivity, and acid-base behavior of oxides), a heavily revised discussion on using the periodic table to write electron configurations, and a new treatment of the concept of assigning quantum numbers to electrons.

• Chapter 9 has a revised treatment of the Born-Haber cycle and a clearer discussion of the three types of bonding.

• Chapter 10 includes two new videos: one video demonstrates the process of drawing Lewis structures and one explains the process of determining molecular geometry. There are also improvements in the text explanation about drawing Lewis structures, on assigning and using formal charges, and on determining molecular polarity.

• Chapter 11 has a revised sample problem and a new follow-up problem on types of orbitals, a revised follow-up problem on hybrid orbitals, and an improved discussion on hybridization and bond angles in molecules.

• Chapter 12 includes a rewritten section on phase changes, a new discussion on intermolecular forces and boiling points, a revision to a figure that helps students determine the type of intermolecular forces in a sample, and updated discussions in the advanced material section on LEDs, plastic recycling, 3-D printing, and nanomedicine.

• Chapter 13 incorporates a new video on freezing point depression calculations, a new graphical figure that depicts Henry’s law for several gases and connects gas solubility with molar mass and the strength of dispersion forces, a revised figure on the types of intermolecular forces in solution, and revised sample and follow-up problems on predicting charge density.

• Chapter 14 has two revised figures, one showing silicates and the other showing crystals of a noble gas compound, and an updated discussion, with new figures, on carbon allotropes.

• Chapter 15 includes a new example and new art to aid in naming organic compounds and new videos on naming alkanes, understanding optical isomers, and recognizing functional groups.

• Chapter 16 has a newly organized section on rate laws and half-lives for first-, second-, and zero-order reactions, an addition to a sample problem that requires the calculation of rate from rate constant and concentration data, a new follow-up problem on first-order integrated rate law calculations, and several new or revised end-of-chapter problems. The section on collision theory, activation energy, and transition state theory was heavily revised for better flow and clarity. There is a new Student Hot Spot resource on solving first-order integrated rate law problems.

• Chapter 17 has several revised and new sample problems and follow-up problems, including a new sample problem on the van’t Hoff equation for calculating the change in equilibrium constant with a change in temperature, several new end-of-chapter problems, and three new Student Hot Spot resources explaining equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s principle. There are two revised figures on equilibrium position.

• Chapter 18 has a significant rearrangement of topics, introducing conjugate acid-base pairs and the pH scale before the introduction of K a ; two new figures, one describing the relationship between H + and H − and the other summarizing K a and K b calculations; three revised sample and follow-up problems; and two new videos to help students understand acidic metal cations and how to predict the pH of salts with amphiprotic anions.

• Chapter 19 includes three new tables, one summarizing buffer pH relative to buffer concentration ratio and the other two summarizing pH calculations for titrations of weak acids and weak bases. There are new Student Hot Spot resources on the calculation of buffer pH, the preparation of a buffer of a specific pH, and the calculation of pH during acid-base titrations.

• Chapter 20 includes new tables with values of entropy and Gibbs free energy for selected substances, a revised sample problem on the calculation of the standard entropy of reaction, and a new video on spontaneity and temperature.

• Page xxixChapter 21 incorporates a more useful example of balancing a redox reaction in acidic solution and a new Student Hot Spot resource that illustrates the balancing method, new art to explain the function of a salt bridge, a new follow-problem on the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium constant, and an updated discussion on batteries.

• Chapter 23 has a revised section on nomenclature of coordination compounds, including a revised sample problem on nomenclature; new art on the color of complex ions; and new videos on coordination number, optical isomers, and low-spin vs. high-spin complex ions.

• Chapter 24 includes a new table on stability of isotopes, a new sample problem on writing transmutation reactions, an updated table on radiation exposure, and updated discussions on PET scans and on fusion.

Although the topic sequence coincides with that used in most mainstream courses, built-in flexibility allows a wide range of differing course structures:

For courses that follow their own topic sequence, the general presentation, with its many section and subsection breaks and bulleted lists, allows topics to be rearranged, or even deleted, with minimal loss of continuity.

For courses that present several chapters, or topics within chapters, in different orders:

• Redox balancing by the half-reaction method is covered with electrochemistry in Chapter 21, but it can easily be taught with Chapter 4.

• Gases (Chapter 5) can be covered in sequence to explore the mathematical modeling of physical behavior or, with no loss of continuity, just before liquids and solids (Chapter 12) to show the effects of intermolecular forces on the three states of matter.

For courses that use an atoms-first approach for some of the material, Chapters 7 through 13 move smoothly from quantum theory (7) through electron configuration (8), bonding models (9), molecular shape (10), VB and MO bonding theories (11), intermolecular forces in liquids and solids (12), and solutions (13). Immediate applications of these concepts appear in the discussions of periodic patterns in main-group chemistry (Chapter 14) and in the survey of organic chemistry (Chapter 15). Some instructors have also brought forward the coverage of transition elements and coordination compounds (23) as further applications of bonding concepts. (Of course, Chapters 14, 15, and 23 can just as easily remain in their more traditional placement later in the course.)

For courses that emphasize biological/medical applications, many chapters highlight these topics, including the role of intermolecular forces in biomolecular structure (12), the chemistry of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids (including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and DNA sequencing) (15), as well as introductions to enzyme catalysis (16), biochemical pathways (17), and trace elements in protein function (23).

For courses that stress engineering applications of physical chemistry topics, Chapters 16 through 21 cover kinetics (16), equilibrium in gases (17), acids and bases (18), and aqueous ionic systems (19) and entropy and free energy (20) as they apply to electrochemical systems (21), all in preparation for coverage of the elements in geochemical cycles, metallurgy, and industry in Chapter 22.