General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life 6th Edition

Book Preface

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistr , Strucmres of Life. This chemistry text was written and designed to help you prepare for a career in a health-related profession, such as nursing, dietetics, respiratory therapy, and environmental and agricultural science. This text assumes no prior knowledge of chemistry. My main objective in writing this text is to make the study of chemistry an engaging and positive experience for you by relating the structure and behavior of matter to its role in health and the environment. This new edition introduces more problem-solving strategies, more problem-solving guides, new Analyze the Problem with Connect features, new Try It First and Engage feamres, conceptual and challenge problems, and new sets of combined problems.

It is my goal to help you become a critical thinker by understanding scientific concepts that will form a basis for making important decisions abom issues concerning health and the environment. Thus, I have utilized materials that

• help you to learn and enjoy chemistry
• relate chemistry to careers that may interest you
• develop problem-solving skills that lead to your success in chemistry
• promote learning and success in chemistry

New for the Sixth Edition
New and updated features have been added throughout this sixth edition, including the following:

• NEW ANO UPDATED! Chapter Openers provide engaging clinical stories in the health profession and introduce the chemical concepts in each chapter.
• NEW! Clinical Updates added at the end of each chapter continue the story of the Chapter Opener and describe the follow-up treatment.
• NEW! Engage feature in the margin asks students to think about the paragraph they are reading and to test their understanding by answering the Engage question.
• NEWI Try It First precedes the Solution section of each Sample Problem to encourage the student to work on the problem before reading the given Solmion.
• NEW! Connect feature added to Analyze the Problem boxes indicates the relationships between Given and Need.
• NEWI Clinical Applications added to Practice Prob­lems show the relevance between the chemistry content and medicine and health.
• NEW! Strategies for Leaming Chemistry are added that describe successful ways to smdy and learn chemistry.

• NEW! Expanded Study Checks in Sample Problems now contain multiple questions to give students addi­tional self-testing practice.
• NEW! The names and symbols for the newest elements 113, Nihonium, Nb, 115, Moscovium, Mc. 117, Tennessine, Ts, and 118, Oganesson, Og.
• N’EWI The Steps in the Sample Problems include a worked-out Solution plan for solving the problem.
• NEW! Table Design now has cells that highlight and organize related data.
• NEW! Test feature added in the margin encourages students to solve related Practice Problems to practice retrieval of content for exams.
• NEWI InteractiYe Videos give students the expe,ience of step-by-step problem solving for problems from the text.
• NEW! ReYiew topics are now placed in the margin at the beginning of a Section, listing the Key Math Skills and Core Chemistry Skills from the previous chapters, which provide the foundation for learning new chemistry principles in the current chapter.
• UPDAT’EDI Key Math Skills review basic math relevant to the chemistry the students are learning throughout the text. A Key Math Skill Review at the end of each chapter summarizes and gives additional examples.
• UPDATED! Core Chemistry Skills identify the key chemjcal principles in each chapter that are required for successfully learning chemistry. A Core Chemistry Skill ReYiew at the end of each chapter helps reinforce the material and gives additional examples.
• UPDATED! Analyze the Problem features included in the Solutions of the Sample Problems strengthen critical­thinking skills and illustrate the breakdown of a word problem into the components required to solve it.
• UPDATEOI Practice Problems, Sample Problems, and Art demonstrate the connection between the chemistry being discussed and how these skills will be needed in professional experience.
• UPDATED! Combining Ideas features offer sets of integrated problems that test smdents · understanding and develop critical thinking by integrating topics from two or more previous chapters.
• UPDATED! New zoom design highlights macro-to-micro art and captions are now on a gray screen to emphasize the art and text content.
• UPDAT’EDI Concept Maps are updated with new design that shows a clearer path linking concept to concept.
• UPDAT’ED! Biochemistry chapters IS, 17, and 19 to 24 have been rewritten to strengthen connections between sections, and include new Study Checks and new Chem­istry Links to Health.

Contents

1 Chemistry in Our Lives 1
2 Chemistry and Measurements 26
3 Matter and Energy 63
4 Atoms and Elements 99
5 Nuclear Chemistry 145
6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds 174
7 Chemical Reactions and Quantities 223
8 Gases 275
9 Solutions 310
10 Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 355
11 Acids and Bases 382
12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons 426
13 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
14 Aldehydes and Ketones 496
15 Carbohydrates 521
16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 560
17 Lipids 586
18 Amines and Amides 624
19 Amino Acids and Proteins 660
20 Enzymes and Vitamins 688 467
21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 721
22 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates 764
23 Metabolism and Energy Production 802
24 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids 825