Chemistry: Matter & Change, Student Edition

Book Preface

Real-World Reading Link Have you ever moved a piece of furniture to a new location, only to discover that the new location won’t work? Sometimes, moving furniture creates a new problem, such as a door will not open all the way or an electric cord will not reach an outlet. Solving a problem only to find that the solution creates a new problem also occurs in science.

Why study chemistry?

Take a moment to observe your surroundings and Figure 1.1. Where did all the “stuff ” come from? All the stuff in the universe, including everything in the photos, is made from building blocks formed in stars. Scientists call these building blocks and the “stuff ” made from these building blocks matter.

As you begin your study of chemistry—the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes—you are probably asking yourself, “Why is chemistry important to me?” The answer to this question can be illustrated by real-life events that involve two discoveries. One discovery involves something that you probably use every day—refrigeration. If you go to school in an air-conditioned building or if you protect your food from spoilage by using a refrigerator, this discovery is important to you. The other discovery involves energy from the Sun. Because you eat food and spend time outdoors, this discovery is also important to you. These two seemingly unrelated discoveries became intertwined in an unexpected way—as you will soon learn.

Content

Student Guide
Reading for Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Scavenger Hunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Chapters
1 Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4 The Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5 Electrons in Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7 Ionic Compounds and Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11 Stoichiometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
12 States of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
13 Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
14 Mixtures and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
15 Energy and Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
16 Reaction Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
17 Chemical Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
18 Acids and Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
19 Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
20 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
21 Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
22 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
23 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
24 Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Student Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Elements Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Math Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Reference Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
Supplemental Practice Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Solutions to Selected Practice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Glossary/Glosario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051