The Handbook of Behavior Change (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology)

Book Preface

The Handbook of Behavior Change
Social problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organiza-tions to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, the Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, research-ers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.

Many problems observed in today’s society can be linked, directly or indirectly, to human behavior. Problems with roots in, or links with, behavior include debilitating illnesses and chronic condi-tions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancers, obesity, sexually transmitted infections), global pandemics of communicable diseases (e.g., SARS, H1N1, COVID-19), mental health problems (e.g., depres-sion, anxiety), addictions (e.g., substance abuse), social and interpersonal problems (e.g., bullying, abuse and violence in relationships), financial dif-ficulties (e.g., personal debt, problem gambling), criminal behavior (e.g., social disorder, vandalism), educational challenges (e.g., truancy, attentional difficulties), and environmental concerns (e.g., overuse of nonrenewable resources, failures to recycle or save energy). Analogously, regular par-ticipation in relevant behaviors is associated with adaptive outcomes such as better health and well-being, positive mental health, better functioning in the workplace, in interpersonal relationships, and at school, and more environmentally conscious choices and consumer behavior. Vast databases of archival statistics demonstrating how behavior is linked to social problems are at the disposal of organizations responsible for developing policy to tackle them. Such data signal the need for beha-vioral solutions and have catalyzed fervent interest in the determinants of behavior and in methods and strategies to change behavior. Governments, orga-nizations (private and public corporations, schools, community organizations), and professionals (gov-ernment officials, health care workers, managers, teachers) recognize the value of developing strate-gies to change the behavior of targeted population groups in order to promote adaptive outcomes. To date, legislation (e.g., seat belt use) and regulation (e.g., banning smoking in public places) stand as some of the most successful means to change popu-lation behavior. However, in many cases, such initiatives are not possible, feasible, or acceptable. As a consequence, alternative approaches to beha-vior change are needed.
Scientific inquiry into behavior change has entered into the mainstream. Recognition of the importance of behavior change to solving social problems has led governments to engage scientists from various disciplines within the social and beha-vioral sciences to inform policy and develop effec-tive behavior change strategies targeting high-priority, behavior-related problems. For example, governments and organizations have invested in funding initiatives to develop research evidence (e.g., National Cancer Institute, 2019; National Institutes of Health, 2019; Nielsen et al., 2018; OBSSR, 2016), commissioned reports and evi-dence syntheses (e.g., Behavioral Insights Team, 2019b;CabinetOffice, 2011;NICE,2007, 2012, 2014), and set up working groups, expert panels, and conferences with an advisory purview on beha-vior change (e.g., Behavioral Insights Team, 2019a; Brandt & Proulx, 2015; House of Lords, 2011; Ogilvie Consulting, 2019;Springetal.,2013).

Researchers in the fields of psychology, sociol-ogy, behavioral economics, philosophy, imple-mentation science, education, communication science, and political science have been at the forefront of research on behavior change (e.g., Little & Akin-Little, 2019; Nielsen et al., 2018; Sheeran, Klein, & Rothman, 2017; Young et al., 2015). Scientists in these disciplines have been primarily responsible for creating and dissemi-nating evidence on behavior change at all levels on the “continuum of evidence,” from basic theoretical research on determinants and mechan-isms to translational research on the application of strategies to change behavior in specific contexts. The proliferation of behavior change research is predicated on the recognized impor-tance of evidence-based practice that began in fields like medicine (Guyatt et al., 1992) and allied health (NICE, 2019) and has since been adopted in other domains such as education (EEF, 2019) and crime reduction and policing (College of Policing, 2019). Such evidence is critical to the application of scientific principles to inform the development of effective behavioral solutions to social problems – a science of behavior change (Michie, Rothman, & Sheeran, 2007; Nielsen et al., 2018).

Contents
List of Figures page x
List of Tables xii
List of Sidebars xiv
List of Contributors xvii
1 Changing Behavior: A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach 1
martin s. hagger, linda d. cameron, kyra hamilton,
nelli hankonen, and taru lintunen
Part I Theory and Behavior Change 15
2 Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior 17
icek ajzen and peter schmidt
3 Changing Behavior Using Social Cognitive Theory 32
aleksandra luszczynska and ralf schwarzer
4 Changing Behavior Using the Health Belief Model and Protection
Motivation Theory 46
sheina orbell, hina zahid, and caroline j. henderson
5 Changing Behavior Using the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation 60
linda d. cameron, sara fleszar-pavlovic´ , and tenie khachikian
6 Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases 77
lucas keller, peter m. gollwitzer, and paschal sheeran
7 Changing Behavior Using the Health Action Process Approach 89
ralf schwarzer and kyra hamilton
8 Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory 104
martin s. hagger, nelli hankonen, nikos l. d.
chatzisarantis, and richard m. ryan
9 Changing Behavior Using Control Theory 120
warren mansell
10 Changing Behavior Using the Transtheoretical Model 136
carlo c. diclemente and meagan m. graydon
11 Changing Behavior Using Integrative Self-Control Theory 150
wilhelm hofmann, simone dohle, and kathi diel
12 Changing Behavior Using the Reflective-Impulsive Model 164
roland deutsch and fritz strack
13 Changing Behavior Using Habit Theory 178
sheina orbell and bas verplanken
14 Changing Behavior by Changing Environments 193
theresa m. marteau, paul c. fletcher, gareth j. hollands,
and marcus r. munafo`
15 Changing Behavior Using Integrated Theories 208
martin s. hagger and kyra hamilton
16 Changing Behavior Using Social Identity Processes 225
katherine j. reynolds, nyla r. branscombe, emina subasˇi c´ ,
and loren willis
17 Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models 237
jo salmon, kylie d. hesketh, lauren arundell, katherine
l. downing, and stuart j. h. biddle
18 Changing Behavior Using Theories at the Interpersonal,
Organizational, Community, and Societal Levels 251
robert a. c. ruiter, rik crutzen, evelyne de leeuw,
and gerjo kok
Part II Methods and Processes of Behavior Change: Intervention
Development, Application, and Translation 267
19 Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Behavior Change
Interventions: A Ten-Task Guide 269
charles abraham and sarah denford
20 Moving from Theoretical Principles to Intervention Strategies:
Applying the Experimental Medicine Approach 285
alexander j. rothman, william m. p. klein, and paschal
sheeran
21 Developing Behavior Change Interventions 300
nelli hankonen and wendy hardeman
22 Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions 318
lynsay matthews and sharon a. simpson
Contents vii
23 Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change 333
aleksandra luszczynska, karolina lobczowska,
and karolina horodyska
24 Engagement of Stakeholders in the Design, Evaluation,
and Implementation of Complex Interventions 349
joanna l. hudson, zoe moon, lyndsay d. hughes, and rona moss-morris
25 Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions 361
lucy yardley, leanne morrison, ingrid muller,
and katherine bradbury
26 Cost-Effectiveness Evaluations of Behavior Change Interventions 372
tianjiao wang, martin downes, joshua byrnes,
and paul scuffham
27 Addressing Underserved Populations and Disparities in
Behavior Change 385
benjamin schu¨ z and monica webb hooper
28 Behavior Change in Community Contexts 401
edison trickett and susan paterson
29 Changing Behavior in the Digital Age 416
david j. kavanagh
30 Critical and Qualitative Approaches to Behavior Change 430
kerry chamberlain and antonia lyons
Part III Behavior Change Interventions: Practical Guides
to Behavior Change 443
31 Attitudes and Persuasive Communication Interventions 445
kyra hamilton and blair t. johnson
32 Self-Efficacy Interventions 461
lisa m. warner and david p. french
33 Imagery, Visualization, and Mental Simulation Interventions 479
martin s. hagger and dominic conroy
34 Affect-Based Interventions 495
mark conner, david m. williams, and ryan e. rhodes
35 Autonomy-Supportive Interventions 510
johnmarshall reeve and sung hyeon cheon
36 Incentive-Based Interventions 523
uri gneezy, agne kajackaite, and stephan meier
viii Contents
37 Monitoring Interventions 537
thomas l. webb and marijn de bruin
38 Goal Setting Interventions 554
tracy epton and christopher j. armitage
39 Planning and Implementation Intention Interventions 572
ryan e. rhodes, stina grant, and gert-jan de bruijn
40 Self-Control Interventions 586
denise de ridder, marleen gillebaart, and malte friese
41 Habit Interventions 599
benjamin gardner, amanda l. rebar, and phillippa lally
42 Economic and Behavioral Economic Approaches to Behavior Change 617
paul m. brown, linda d. cameron, martin wilkinson,
and denise taylor
43 Dyadic Behavior Change Interventions 632
urte scholz, corina berli, janina lu¨ scher, and nina knoll
44 Social Identity Interventions 649
mark tarrant, catherine haslam, mary carter, raff
calitri, and s. alexander haslam
45 Motivational Interviewing Interventions 661
anne h. berman, maria beckman, and helena lindqvist
46 The Science of Behavior Change: The Road Ahead 677
martin s. hagger, linda d. cameron, kyra hamilton,
nelli hankonen, and taru lintunen
Index