5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2023
Genres: Chemistry
Book Preface
The fact that you are reading this preface suggests that you will be taking the AP Exam in chemistry. The AP Chemistry Exam is constantly evolving and so this guide has evolved. We have updated the book to match the new AP Chemistry Exam. The new exam has an emphasis on sets—a series of questions that refer to the same given information, along with changes in the free-response portion.
The AP Chemistry Exam and other standardized chemistry exams certainly aren’t easy, but the rewards are worth it—college credit, a good preparation for college chemistry, and the satisfaction of a job well done. You will have to work and study hard to do well, but throughout this book we will help you master the material and get ready for the exam.
Both of us have many years of experience in teaching introductory general chemistry at the university level. John Moore is the author of Chemistry for Dummies, and he and Richard “Doc” Langley have also written Chemistry for the Utterly Confused, a guide for college/high school students. Each of us has certain skills and experiences that will be of special help in presenting the material in this book. Richard has also taught high school science, and John has years of experience teaching chemistry to both public school teachers and students. Both of us have been graders for the AP Chemistry Exam free-response questions for years (20+ years for Richard and a few less for John) and have firsthand knowledge of how the exam is graded and scored. We have tried not only to make the material understandable but also to present the problems in the format of the AP Chemistry Exam. We will let you know about common student errors along the way. By faithfully working the problems you will increase your familiarity with the exam format, so that when the time comes to take the exam there will be no surprises.
Use this book in addition to your regular chemistry text. We have outlined three different study programs to prepare you for the exam. If you choose the yearlong program, use it as you are taking your AP Chemistry course. It will provide additional problems in the AP format. If you choose one of the other two programs, use it with your chemistry textbook also; but you may need to lean a little more on this review book. Either way, if you put in the time and effort, you will do well.
Now it’s time to start. Read the Introduction: The Five-Step Program; Chapter 1, What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam; and Chapter 2, How to Plan Your Time. Then take the Pre-AP Diagnostic Exam in the appendixes. Your score will show how well you understand the material right now and point out weak areas that may need a little extra attention. Use the review exams at the end of the chapters to check your comprehension. Also, pay attention to the free-response questions. That is where you can really shine, and they are worth almost as much as the multiple-choice part. Use the Rapid Reviews to brush up on the important points in the chapters. Just before taking the exam, review the section on avoiding “stupid” mistakes at the back of this book. Then take the AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam in Chapter 3. Keep this book handy—it is going to be your friend for the next few weeks or months.
Good luck—but remember that luck favors the prepared mind.
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Introduction: The Five-Step Program
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam
Background of the Advanced Placement Program
Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam?
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them
Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam
2 How to Plan Your Time
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam
Calendar for Each Plan
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam
AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice)
Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice)
AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response)
Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response)
Scoring and Interpretation
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type
Multiple-Choice Questions
Free-Response Questions
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Basics
Units and Measurements
Dimensional Analysis—the Factor Label Method
The States of Matter
Phase Diagrams
The Structure of the Atom
Oxidation Numbers
Nomenclature Overview
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
6 Stoichiometry
Moles and Molar Mass
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Introduction to Reactions
Reaction Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
Percent Yield
Molarity and Solution Calculations
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
7 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons
The Nature of Light
Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Beer-Lambert Law
Wave Properties of Matter
Atomic Spectra
Atomic Orbitals
Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES)
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
8 Bonding
Lewis Electron-Dot Structures
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Molecular Geometry—VSEPR
Valence Bond Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory
Resonance
Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties
Structure of Metals and Alloys
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
9 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces
Structures and Intermolecular Forces
The Liquid State
The Solid State
Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes
Potential Energy
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
10 Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gas Law Relationships
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
11 Solutions
Concentration Units
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Colligative Properties
Colloids
Composition of Mixtures
Separation of Solutions and Mixtures Chromatography
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Questions
Answers and Explanations
Rapid Review
12 Reactions and Periodicity
AP Exam Format
General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations
General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Precipitation Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Coordination Compounds
Acid–Base Reactions
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
13 Kinetics
How Reactions Occur—Collision Model
Rates of Reaction
Integrated Rate Laws
Reaction Energy Profile
Activation Energy
Reaction Mechanisms
Steady-State Approximation
Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
Catalysts
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
14 Thermodynamics
Energy Diagrams
Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
Calorimetry
Energy of Phase Changes
Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction
Bond Enthalpies
Laws of Thermodynamics
Hess’s Law
Enthalpies of Formation
Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
Coupled Reactions
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
15 Equilibrium
Equilibrium Expressions
Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Representations of Equilibrium
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Solubility Equilibria
Common-Ion Effect
pH and Solubility
Free Energy of Dissolution
Other Equilibria
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
16 Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Ka—the Acid Dissociation Constant
Kw—the Water Dissociation Constant
Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases
pH
Kb—the Base Dissociation Constant
Acidic/Basic Properties of Salts
Buffers
Acid–Base Reactions and Buffers
Titration Equilibria
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
17 Electrochemistry
Redox Reactions
Electrochemical Cells
Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry
Nernst Equation
Electrolysis and Faraday’s Law
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
Additional Review and Applications
18 Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Reactions
Natural Radioactive Decay Modes
Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Decay Calculations
Mass–Energy Relationships
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Question
Answer and Explanation
Rapid Review
19 Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Structural Isomerism
Common Functional Groups
Acid–Base Chemistry
Experiments
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Questions
Answers and Explanations
Rapid Review
20 Experimental Investigations
Experiment 1: Spectroscopy
Experiment 2: Spectrophotometry
Experiment 3: Gravimetric Analysis
Experiment 4: Titration
Experiment 5: Chromatography
Experiment 6: Determination of the Type of Bonding in Solid Samples
Experiment 7: Stoichiometry
Experiment 8: Redox Titration
Experiment 9: Chemical and Physical Changes
Experiment 10: Kinetics
Experiment 11: Rate Laws
Experiment 12: Calorimetry
Experiment 13: Chemical Equilibrium—Le Châtelier’s Principle
Experiment 14: Acid–Base Titrations
Experiment 15: Buffer pH
Experiment 16: The Capacity of a Buffer
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
Free-Response Questions
Answers and Explanations
Rapid Review
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice)
Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice)
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section II (Free Response)
Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section II (Free Response)
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice)
Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice)
AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section II (Free Response)
Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section II (Free Response)
ELITE
STUDENT
EDITION 5 Minutes to a 5
180 Activities and Questions in 5 Minutes a Day
Appendixes
Pre-AP Diagnostic Exam
SI Units
Balancing Redox Equations Using the Ion-Electron Method
Common Ions
Bibliography
Websites
Glossary
Avoiding “Stupid” Mistakes on the Free-Response Section
Exam Resources
| Download Ebook | Read Now | File Type | Upload Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Download here
|
Read Now | Epub | August 13, 2022 |
How to Read and Open File Type for PC ?
