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ISE Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology 15th Edition



ISE Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology 15th Edition PDF

Author: James Bidlack, Shelley Jansky

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Genres:

Publish Date: March 25, 2020

ISBN-10: 1260571041

Pages: Pages

File Type: Epub

Language: English

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Book Preface

Plants and algae are essential for life on earth as it exists today. They provide our world with oxygen and food, make an essential contribution to water and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, provide clothing and shelter, and add beauty to our environment. Some scientists believe that if photosynthetic organisms exist on planets beyond our solar system, it would be possible to sustain other forms of life that depend upon them to survive.

Botany today plays a special role in many interests of both major and nonmajor students. For example, in this text, topics such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, genetic engineering, organic gardening, Native American and pioneer uses of plants, pollution and recycling, houseplants, backyard vegetable gardening, natural dye plants, poisonous and hallucinogenic plants, nutritional values of edible plants, and many other topics are discussed. To intelligently pursue such topics, one needs to understand how plants grow and function. To this end, the text assumes little prior knowledge of the sciences on the part of the student, but covers basic botany, without excessively resorting to technical terms. The coverage, however, includes sufficient depth to prepare students to go further in the field, should they choose to do so.

The text is arranged so that certain sections can be omitted in shorter courses. Such sections may include topics such as soils, molecular genetics, and phylum Bryophyta. Because botany instructors vary greatly in their opinions about the depth of coverage needed for photosynthesis and respiration in an introductory botany course open to both majors and nonmajors, these topics are presented at three different levels. Some instructors will find one or two levels sufficient, whereas others will want to include all three.

Both majors in botany and nonmajors who may initially be disinterested in the subject matter of a required course frequently become engrossed if the material is related repeatedly to their popular interests. This is reflected, as intimated above, in the considerable amount of ecology and ethnobotany included with traditional botany throughout the book.

Organization of the Text

A relatively conventional sequence of botanical subjects is followed. Chapters 1 and 2 cover introductory and background information; Chapters 3 through 11 deal with structure and function; Chapters 12 and 13 introduce meiosis, genetics, and molecular biology. Chapter 14 discusses plant propagation and biotechnology; Chapter 15 introduces evolution; Chapter 16 deals with classification; Chapters 17 through 23 stress, in phylogenetic sequence, the diversity of organisms traditionally regarded as plants; and Chapter 24 deals with ethnobotanical aspects and other information of general interest pertaining to 16 major plant families or groups of families. Chapters 25 and 26 present an overview of the vast topic of ecology, although ecological topics and applied botany are included in the preceding chapters as well. Some of these topics are broached in anecdotes that introduce the chapters, while others are mentioned in text boxes as well as the appendices.

Learning Aids

A chapter outline is provided at the beginning of each chapter and learning outcomes are shown for major sections within the text. The end of each chapter includes a summary, review questions, and discussion questions to help with the learning experience. New terms are defined as they are introduced, and those that are boldfaced are included, with their pronunciation, in a glossary. A list of the scientific names of all organisms mentioned throughout the text is given in Appendix 1. Appendix 2 deals with biological controls and companion planting. Appendix 3 includes wild edible plants, poisonous plants, medicinal plants, hallucinogenic plants, spices, tropical fruits, and natural dye plants. Appendix 4 gives horticultural information on houseplants, along with brief discussions on how to cultivate vegetables. Nutritional values of the vegetables are included. Appendix 5 covers metric equivalents and conversion tables and Appendix 6 includes a periodic table of the elements.

New to This Edition

A major new feature in the fifteenth edition is the presentation of learning outcomes at the beginning of every major heading. This will guide students regarding important concepts in each section. Most of the major changes in the book have been made as a result of new discoveries and technologies in plant biology. This edition still retains the hallmark style and pedagogy that make it one of the most enduring and popular introductory plant biology books on the market, and it now has a more contemporary look, writing style, and appearance. For instructors using Internet resources such as Connect and the textbook website offered by McGraw-Hill, all learning outcomes are directly tied to assessment within the question and test banks. With encouragement from reviewers, the new material has been eloquently incorporated directly into the textbook narrative and as text boxes, to provide a blend of historically important principles as well as modern developments in plant biology. Some of the more interesting components that make this fifteenth edition more accurate and up-to-date with our current understanding of plant biology include:

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Chapter 1 (What Is Plant Biology?): The introduction has been extensively rewritten to address contemporary topics, such as climate change, the opioid crisis, and plant genetic resources. A section has been added on gene editing and bioinformatics. The chapter has been updated with eight new images.

Chapter 2 (The Nature of Life): The section on features of living organisms has been combined and condensed from eight to five topics. The opening image has been updated, as have four additional images.

Chapter 3 (Cells): A new image of a compound microscope has been added. The discussion of the cell wall has been updated.

Chapter 4 (Tissues): A text box has been added to discuss THC in marijuana. The distinction between vessels and vessel elements has been clarified.

Chapter 5 (Roots and Soils): Two new images have been added.

Chapter 7 (Leaves): The introduction, relating leaves to solar power plants, has been updated. A discussion of compounds produced by marijuana has been added.

Chapter 8 (Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds): Pedicle and peduncle have been defined, and their definitions have been added to the glossary. A higher-quality image of carrot seeds has been added.

Chapter 9 (Water in Plants): A text box has been added to compare and contrast xylem and phloem. The section on water flow into roots has been updated.

Chapter 11 (Growth and Development): Several sections have been updated, including senescence, plant movements, gravitropism, and photoperiodism. A discussion of growing degree days was added.

Chapter 12 (Meiosis and Alternation of Generations): The GISH/FISH text box has been replaced with a box that describes classification schemes based on life cycles. Six new images have been added.

Chapter 13 (Genetics and Molecular Biology): A new figure has been added to illustrate chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy/polyploidy.

Chapter 14 (Plant Breeding, Propagation, and Biotechnology): The model for the domestication of the first cereal grains has been updated. The opening image has been replaced with one that shows a production field for salad greens.

Chapter 15 (Evolution): Seven new images have been added.

Chapter 16 (Plant Names and Classification): The opening image has been replaced, and three new images have been added.

Chapter 17 (Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses): A pie chart has been added to show the estimated distribution of major groups of organisms on Earth. Ten new images have been added.

Chapter 18 (Kingdom Protista): This chapter has a new key theme box discussing kleptoplasty in dinoflagellates that cause red tides. Ten new images have been added.

Chapter 19 (Kingdom Fungi): A new key theme box has been added to introduce the reader to white nose syndrome, which has killed millions of bats. Six new images have been added.

Chapter 20 (Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes): The introduction has been extensively re-written to introduce the bryophytes in the context of the establishment of land plants. Throughout the chapter, the concept of alternation of generations is highlighted. A section has been added on primitive humans preserved in bogs. The image of moss sporophytes has been enlarged.

Chapter 25 (Ecology): The introduction to the carbon cycle has been revised and updated. New climate change data and examples have been added. Graphs showing atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature across time have been added.

Appendix 2 (Biological Controls): The introduction has been rewritten to discuss the consequences of improper use of pesticides. The section on the use of resistant plant varieties has been updated. The section on the control of weeds has also been updated.

Appendix 4 (Houseplants and Home Gardening): This appendix has been extensively updated. New information is presented on LED lights, transplanting of seedlings, direct seeding, temperature and seed germination, the effect of overwatering on root growth, fertilizer application, pest control, and inoculation of soil with Rhizobia.

Contents

About the Authors

Preface

  1.   1What Is Plant Biology?   

    1. 1.1Introduction to Plant Biology   

    2. Key Theme: ecology Who Needs Plants?

    3. 1.2The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment   

    4. 1.3Botany as a Science   

    5. 1.4Diversification of Plant Study   

    6. Key Theme: general Plant Biology on the Internet

    7. SUMMARY

    8. REVIEWU QUESTIONS

    9. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  2.   2The Nature of Life   

    1. 2.1Attributes of Living Organisms   

    2. 2.2Chemical and Physical Bases of Life   

    3. Key Theme: molecular The Skinny on Fats

    4. SUMMARY

    5. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    6. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  3.   3Cells   

    1. 3.1Introduction to Cells   

    2. 3.2Cells   

    3. 3.3Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells   

    4. 3.4Cell Structure and Communication   

    5. 3.5Cellular Components   

    6. 3.6Cellular Reproduction   

    7. Key Theme: cellular Microscapes

    8. 3.7Higher Plant Cells versus Animal Cells   

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  4.   4Tissues   

    1. 4.1Introduction to Tissues   

    2. 4.2Meristematic Tissues   

    3. Key Theme: molecular Chimeras and Variegated Leaves

    4. 4.3Tissues Produced by Meristems   

    5. Key Theme: ecology The THC in Marijuana

    6. SUMMARY

    7. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    8. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  5.   5Roots and Soils   

    1. 5.1Introduction to Roots and Soils   

    2. 5.2How Roots Develop   

    3. 5.3Root Structure   

    4. 5.4Specialized Roots   

    5. Key Theme: ecology Plants Need Roots

    6. 5.5Mycorrhizae   

    7. 5.6Root Nodules   

    8. 5.7Human Relevance of Roots   

    9. 5.8Soils   

    10. Key Theme: ecology Metal-Munching Plants

    11. SUMMARY

    12. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    13. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  6.   6Stems   

    1. 6.1Introduction to Stems   

    2. 6.2External Form of a Woody Twig   

    3. 6.3Origin and Development of Stems   

    4. Key Theme: ecology Standing in Fields of Stone

    5. 6.4Tissue Patterns in Stems   

    6. Key Theme: ecology Dendroclimatology

    7. 6.5Specialized Stems   

    8. 6.6Wood and Its Uses   

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

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  1.   7Leaves   

    1. 7.1Introduction to Leaves   

    2. 7.2Leaf Arrangements and Types   

    3. 7.3Internal Structure of Leaves   

    4. 7.4Stomata   

    5. 7.5Mesophyll and Veins   

    6. 7.6Specialized Leaves   

    7. Key Theme: ecology More on Leaf Structure

    8. 7.7Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color   

    9. 7.8Abscission   

    10. 7.9Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves   

    11. Key Theme: anatomy Glass Cuts from Grass?

    12. SUMMARY

    13. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    14. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  2.   8Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds   

    1. 8.1Introduction to Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds   

    2. 8.2Differences between Dicots and Monocots   

    3. 8.3Structure of Flowers   

    4. 8.4Fruits   

    5. Key Theme: ecology Goober Peas

    6. 8.5Fruit and Seed Dispersal   

    7. 8.6Seeds   

    8. Key Theme: physiology The Seed That Slept for 1,200 Years

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  3.   9Water in Plants   

    1. 9.1Introduction to Water in Plants   

    2. 9.2Molecular Movement   

    3. Key Theme: physiology Measuring Water Potential and Psychrometry

    4. 9.3Water and Its Movement through the Plant   

    5. 9.4Regulation of Transpiration   

    6. 9.5Transport of Food Substances (Organic Solutes) in Solution   

    7. Key Theme: physiology Xylem and Phloem Synopsis

    8. 9.6Mineral Requirements for Growth   

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  4. 10Plant Metabolism   

    1. 10.1Introduction to Plant Metabolism   

    2. 10.2Enzymes and Energy Transfer   

    3. 10.3Photosynthesis   

    4. Key Theme: physiology Photosynthesis and Pizza

    5. 10.4Respiration   

    6. 10.5Additional Metabolic Pathways   

    7. 10.6Assimilation and Digestion   

    8. Key Theme: ecology Photosynthesis, Global Warming, and Tropical Rain Forests

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  5. 11Growth and Development   

    1. 11.1Introduction to Growth and Development   

    2. 11.2Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones   

    3. Key Theme: physiology Plant Hormones Beyond “The Classic Five”

    4. 11.3Hormonal Interactions   

    5. 11.4Plant Movements   

    6. 11.5Photoperiodism   

    7. 11.6Temperature and Growth   

    8. 11.7Dormancy and Quiescence   

    9. SUMMARY

    10. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  6. 12Meiosis and Alternation of Generations   

    1. 12.1Introduction to Meiosis and Alternation of Generations   

    2. 12.2The Phases of Meiosis   

    3. Key Theme: evolution Why Plants Have Sex Lives

    4. 12.3Alternation of Generations   

    5. Key Theme: evolution Ordering Complexity

    6. SUMMARY

    7. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    8. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

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  1. 13Genetics and Molecular Biology   

    1. 13.1Introduction to Genetics and Molecular Biology   

    2. 13.2Molecular Genetics   

    3. Key Theme: molecular Massive DNA Sequencing

    4. Key Theme: molecular The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    5. 13.3Cytogenetics   

    6. 13.4Mendelian Genetics   

    7. 13.5Quantitative Traits   

    8. 13.6Extranuclear DNA   

    9. 13.7Linkage and Mapping   

    10. 13.8The Hardy-Weinberg Law   

    11. SUMMARY

    12. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    13. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  2. 14Plant Breeding, Propagation, and Biotechnology   

    1. 14.1Crop Plant Evolution   

    2. 14.2Plant Breeding   

    3. Key Theme: molecular Genome Editing

    4. 14.3Plant Propagation   

    5. SUMMARY

    6. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    7. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  3. 15Evolution   

    1. 15.1Introduction to Evolution   

    2. 15.2A Brief Overview of the Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts   

    3. 15.3Charles Darwin   

    4. 15.4Evidence for Evolution   

    5. 15.5Microevolution—Evolution within Species   

    6. 15.6Macroevolution—How Species Evolve   

    7. 15.7The Role of Polyploidy in Evolution   

    8. Key Theme: evolution Our Daily Bread

    9. 15.8Discussion   

    10. SUMMARY

    11. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    12. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  4. 16Plant Names and Classification   

    1. 16.1Introduction to Plant Classification   

    2. 16.2Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature   

    3. 16.3Development of the Kingdom Concept   

    4. 16.4Classification of Major Groups   

    5. 16.5Species Concepts   

    6. 16.6The Future of Plant Classification   

    7. SUMMARY

    8. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    9. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  5. 17Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses   

    1. 17.1Introduction to Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea, and Viruses   

    2. 17.2Features of Domains (Kingdoms) Bacteria and Archaea   

    3. 17.3Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria—the True Bacteria   

    4. 17.4Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, Purple, and Green Sulfur Bacteria   

    5. Key Theme: ecology The Social Life of Prokaryotes

    6. 17.5Class Cyanobacteriae—the Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria)   

    7. Key Theme: ecology Cyanobacteria and Algae Blooms

    8. 17.6Class Prochlorobacteriae—the Prochlorobacteria   

    9. 17.7Domain (Kingdom) Archaea—the Archaebacteria   

    10. 17.8Viruses   

    11. Key Theme: molecular Plant Viruses

    12. 17.9Viroids and Prions   

    13. SUMMARY

    14. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    15. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

vii

  1. 18Kingdom Protista   

    1. 18.1Introduction to Kingdom Protista   

    2. 18.2Features of Kingdom Protista   

    3. Key Theme: evolution Green Plant Phylogeny

    4. 18.3Algae   

    5. 18.4Phylum Chlorophyta—the Green Algae   

    6. 18.5Phylum Chromophyta—the Yellow-Green Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Brown Algae   

    7. 18.6Phylum Rhodophyta—the Red Algae   

    8. 18.7Phylum Euglenophyta—the Euglenoids   

    9. 18.8Phylum Dinophyta—the Dinoflagellates   

    10. 18.9Phylum Cryptophyta—the Cryptomonads   

    11. 18.10Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)—the Haptophytes   

    12. 18.11Phylum Charophyta—the Stoneworts   

    13. 18.12Human and Ecological Relevance of the Algae   

    14. Key Theme: ecology Biofuels from Algae

    15. 18.13Other Members of Kingdom Protista   

    16. 18.14Phylum Myxomycota—the Plasmodial Slime Molds   

    17. 18.15Phylum Dictyosteliomycota—the Cellular Slime Molds   

    18. 18.16Phylum Oomycota—the Water Molds   

    19. SUMMARY

    20. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    21. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  2. 19Kingdom Fungi   

    1. 19.1Introduction to the Kingdom Fungi   

    2. 19.2Distinctions between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi   

    3. 19.3Kingdom Fungi   

    4. Key Theme: ecology Bat White Nose Syndrome

    5. 19.4Lichens   

    6. SUMMARY

    7. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    8. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  3. 20Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes   

    1. 20.1Introduction to the Plant Kingdom   

    2. 20.2General Characteristics of Bryophytes   

    3. 20.3Phylum Hepaticophyta—Liverworts   

    4. 20.4Phylum Anthocerophyta—Hornworts   

    5. 20.5Phylum Bryophyta—Mosses   

    6. Key Theme: ecology Hibernating Mosses

    7. 20.6Human and Ecological Relevance of Bryophytes   

    8. SUMMARY

    9. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  4. 21The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives   

    1. 21.1Introduction to the Seedless Vascular Plants   

    2. 21.2Phylum Psilotophyta—the Whisk Ferns   

    3. 21.3Phylum Lycophyta—the Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts   

    4. 21.4Phylum Equisetophyta—the Horsetails and Scouring Rushes   

    5. 21.5Phylum Polypodiophyta—the Ferns   

    6. 21.6Fossils   

    7. Key Theme: ecology Ferns and Fossil Fuels

    8. SUMMARY

    9. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  5. 22Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms   

    1. 22.1Introduction to Gymnosperms   

    2. 22.2Phylum Pinophyta—the Conifers   

    3. Key Theme: ecology Resilient and Useful Gymnosperms

    4. 22.3Other Gymnosperms   

    5. 22.4Human Relevance of Gymnosperms   

    6. Key Theme: evolution A Living Fossil?

    7. SUMMARY

    8. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    9. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

viii

  1. 23Seed Plants: Angiosperms   

    1. 23.1Introduction to Angiosperms   

    2. 23.2Phylum Magnoliophyta—the Flowering Plants   

    3. Key Theme: molecular The Difference between “n” and “x” in Plant Life Cycles

    4. 23.3Pollination Ecology   

    5. 23.4Herbaria and Plant Preservation   

    6. SUMMARY

    7. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    8. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  2. 24Flowering Plants and Civilization   

    1. 24.1Introduction to Flowering Plants and Civilization   

    2. 24.2Origin of Cultivated Plants   

    3. 24.3Selected Families of Flowering Plants   

    4. 24.4Dicots   

    5. 24.5Monocots   

    6. Key Theme: ecology Wild Rice—More Than Just Food

    7. Key Theme: ecology Coffee and Caffeine

    8. SUMMARY

    9. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  3. 25Ecology   

    1. 25.1Introduction to Ecology   

    2. 25.2Plants and the Environment   

    3. 25.3Life Histories   

    4. 25.4Natural Cycles   

    5. 25.5Succession   

    6. Key Theme: ecology Plant Population Ecology

    7. 25.6Impact of Humans on Plant Communities   

    8. 25.7Loss of Biodiversity   

    9. Key Theme: ecology John Muir, Father of America’s National Park System

    10. 25.8Restoration of the Land   

    11. SUMMARY

    12. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    13. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  4. 26Biomes   

    1. 26.1Introduction to Biomes   

    2. 26.2Major Biomes of the World   

    3. Key Theme: ecology Alpine Flora as an Indication of Climate Change: The GLORIA Project

    4. SUMMARY

    5. REVIEW QUESTIONS

    6. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  1. Appendix 1Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text   

  2. Appendix 2Biological Controls   

    • General Controls
    • Specific Controls
    • Companion Planting
    • Additional Reading
  3. Appendix 3Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae   
    • Wild Edible Plants, Fungi, and Algae
    • Poisonous Plants and Fungi
    • Medicinal Plants, Fungi, and Algae
    • Hallucinogenic Plants
    • Spice Plants
    • Dye Plants
    • Additional Reading
  4. Appendix 4Houseplants and Home Gardening   
    • Growing Houseplants
    • Common Houseplants
    • Growing Vegetables
    • Common Vegetables and their Nutritional Values
    • Pruning
    • Major Types of Grafting
    • Additional Reading
  5. Appendix 5Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables   
  6. Appendix 6Periodic Table of the Elements   

Glossary

Index

 


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