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Handbook of Visual Display Technology



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Author: Janglin Chen and Wayne Cranton

Publisher: Springer

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Publish Date: November 30, 2011

ISBN-10: 3540795669

Pages: 2700

File Type: PDF

Language: English

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Book Preface

We live in an age of mobile information technology which relies heavily on the visualization of multimedia data and user input. These tasks are often performed by high-resolution electronic displays equipped with a touch screen. There is no better way to present a large amount of information than by using an electronic display. Compared to audio, for example, the data rate of high-definition video content is orders of magnitude higher and can reach gigabits per second.

Over the past few decades, the performance of displays has continuously improved, with resolution increasing from a few thousand to millions of pixels, from black and white displays through multiple gray levels to vivid full-color reproduction. The evolution of electronic displays started with vacuum-based cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) around 1900 (Blankenbach et al. 2008) (see chapter “ Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)”). For about 100 years CRTs dominated the display market. However, this story came to an end with the development of flat panel displays (FPDs) starting with segmented LCDs at around 1975 for mass markets. Within a few years, character and low-resolution passive matrix (PM) LCDs were introduced. The merits of these early LCDs were characteristics such as low power consumption and slim form factor with light weight, which improved existing products such as watches and calculators. These portable electronic devices had been dominated by LEDs and VFDs (a vacuum-based technology), but the much lower power consumption of LCDs led to the rapid migration to LC-based displays in this sector. For non-portable TV and entertainment displays, another vacuumbased technology, the flat plasma display panel (PDP), paved the road to TV screen sizes beyond 3000, the realization of wall-mounted TVs. Further developments of LCD technologies in terms of image quality and screen size also began to penetrate the applications and markets that had been dominated by CRTs, with the result that in the early 1990s, monochrome (and within a few year color) PM LCDs were available with VGA resolution. This paved the way for the development of laptop computers and mobile computing.

At around the end of the 1990s, the realization of mass-produced active matrix (AM) LCDs based on thin film transistor (TFT) technology provided higher resolution and better image quality compared to passive matrix LCDs. The first mass market for AM LCDs was for laptops where this technology pushed PM LCDs out of the market within a few years. Soon after this AMLCD technology reached the levels of maturity and pricing to also address the desktop monitor market. A 1700 CRT monitor had a depth of around 50 cm and an active area equivalent to that of a 1500 flat panel. Hence, the slim form factor, low weight, and competitive pricing at below $500 for 1500 AM LCD were attractive enough to rise AM LCD monitor sales nearly exponentially. Soon after this, the LCD industry was able to produce larger panels suitable for TV applications, starting at 2700 and reaching sizes of over 10000 within a few years, during which there was a rapid decline in the market for CRTs. The success of LCD TV sets due to synergies and mass production of various sizes also caused a decline of PDPs after 2010, which forced many manufacturers to quit this technology.

Another area of rapid development in recent years has been the handheld display market, following the introduction of Apple’s first iPhone and later the iPad, along with the growth in smartphone and tablet devices more broadly. However, the dominance of LCD technologies has been challenged in recent years, since ~ 2012, by the introduction of one of the newest display technologies utilizing organic electroluminescence, in the form of organic light-emitting diode or “OLED” technologies. OLEDs can exhibit high image quality at lower thicknesses than competitive LCDs and are now becoming a robust alternative to LCD in both portable and large area TV markets.

In recent years, another FPD technology entered mass production: reflective bistable e-paper displays with outstanding features such as sunlight readability (since it is a reflective technology), lowest power consumption, and high resolution. These are typically monochrome displays, with low switching speed not suitable for video information rates, but ideal for text and gray scale image display.

The examples provided above refer mostly to consumer electronic (CE) products, which have driven the large-scale manufacturing innovations for the various technologies. Another important aspect of the development and use of light-emitting and light modulating technologies for display applications is in the area of professional displays, including industrial, e-signage, automotive, aerospace, and medical. The volumes in these sectors are significantly smaller than those of CE displays; thus, the professional displays follow CE trends. However, a main difference is that CE products are mostly developed for a lifetime of a few years with a few hours per day, while many professional displays are operated 24/7 for a decade and longer. Another difference is that the value chain of most CE devices is located in Asia, whereas professional displays, which are mostly produced in Asia, are implemented into electronic systems worldwide (providing added value).


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