General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life (5th Edition)

Book Preface

Welcome to the fifth edition of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life. This chemistry text was written and designed to help you prepare for a career in a health-related profession, such as nursing, dietetics, respiratory therapy, and environmental and agricultural science. This text assumes no prior knowledge of chemistry. My main objective in writing this text is to make the study of chemistry an engaging and a positive experience for you by relating the structure and behavior of matter to its role in health and the environment.
It is my goal to help you become a critical thinker by understanding scientific concepts that will form a basis for making important decisions about issues concerning health and the environment. Thus, I have utilized materials that
• help you to learn and enjoy chemistry
• relate chemistry to clinical stories and careers that interest you
• develop problem-solving skills that lead to your success in chemistry
• promote learning and success in chemistry

New for the Fifth Edition

This new edition introduces chemistry in a clinical environment beginning with the stories of patients in the Chapter Openers and Clinical Updates that follow the diagnosis and treatment for the patients. New problem-solving strategies include Key Math Skills; Core Chemistry Skills; new Analyze the Problem features; more Guides to Problem Solving; and new Clinical
Applications throughout each chapter that add clinical relevance to the chemistry content.
• NEW AND UPDATED! Chapter Openers now provide engaging clinical stories in which a metabolic or genetic condition introduces the content of each chapter.
• NEW! Clinical Careers include lipidology nurse, exercise physiologist, hepatology nurse. and public health nurse.
• NEW! Clinical Updates give a follow up of the diagnosis and treatment for each patient in the Chapter Openers.
• NEW! Clinical Applications are added to Questions and Problems sets that show the relevance between the chemistry content and the clinical story.
• NEW! Biochemistry Chapters 19 to 24 contain new and expanded material on recent topics in biochemistry including CH 19 Alzheimer’s and beta-amyloid proteins that form plaques in the brain, CH 20 lactose intolerance and breath hydrogen test, CH 21 transcription factors, the estrogen receptor, and the impact of altered genes BRAC1 and BRAC2 in breast cancer, CH 22 enzyme deficiencies in glycogen storage diseases, and CH 23 malate-aspartate pathway added, ATP energy values updated to 2.5 ATP for NADH and 1.5 ATP for FADH2 , and CH 24 updated betaoxidation and synthesis of fatty acids.
• NEW! Ribbon Models of proteins have been added including lactase with amino acids in the active site, transaminase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, alanine amino transferase, estrogen receptor, cytochrome c, and aspartate transaminase.
• NEW AND UPDATED! Diagrams are updated using current models for allosteric enzymes, covalent modification including phosphorylation, 2- and 3-dimensional models of tRNA, DNA transcription, transcription factors in the promoter region, the sites in electron transport blocked by toxins, and urea cycle showing transport between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol.
• NEW AND UPDATED! New biochemistry problems include action of viruses, transcription and the estrogen receptor, energy diagram for the hydrolysis of ATP, defective enzymes that block the degradation of glycogen, and current values for ATP energy from NADH and FADH2

• NEW! Interactive Videos give students the experience of step-by-step problem solving for problems from the text.
• NEW! Chapter Readiness sections at the beginning of each chapter list the Key Math Skills and Core Chemistry Skills from the previous chapters, which provide the foundation for learning new chemistry principles in the current chapter.
• NEW! Key Math Skills review basic math relevant to the chemistry you are learning throughout the text.
A Key Math Skill Review at the end of each chapter summarizes and gives additional examples.
• NEW! Core Chemistry Skills identify the key chemical principles in each chapter that are required for successfully learning chemistry. A Core Chemistry Skill Review at the end of each chapter helps reinforce the material and gives additional examples.
• UPDATED! Analyze the Problem features included in the solutions of the Sample Problems strengthen criticalthinking skills and illustrate the breakdown of a word problem into the components required to solve it.
• UPDATED! Questions and Problems, Sample Problems, and art are directly related to nursing and health applications to better demonstrate the connection between the chemistry being discussed and how these skills will be needed in professional experience.
• UPDATED! Combining Ideas features offer sets of integrated problems that test students’ understanding by integrating topics from two or more previous chapters

Brief Contents

1 Chemistry in Our Lives 1
2 Chemistry and Measurements 25
3 Matter and Energy 62
4 Atoms 101
5 Nuclear Chemistry 151
6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds 183
7 Chemical Reactions and Quantities 235
8 Gases 288
9 Solutions 324
10 Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 370
11 Acids and Bases 399
12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons 443
13 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 488
14 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules 516
15 Carbohydrates 550
16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 580
17 Lipids 608
18 Amines and Amides 649
19 Amino Acids and Proteins 688
20 Enzymes and Vitamins 722
21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 753
22 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates 797
23 Metabolism and Energy Production 836
24 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids 861