Book Preface

The GED^®Reasoning through Language Arts Test (RLA) evaluates your reading and writing skills: You will have 2.5 hours for about 50–55 questions that require you to

• answer questions based on single passages and on passages that are paired together (reading and thinking skills);
• review written text and select words and phrases so that the final product is written correctly (language skills); and
• compose an extended response to a writing prompt based on reading one or two passages or a passage accompanied by a graphic (writing skills).

The first section of the test includes reading and language questions. In the second section, you will write the essay, or Extended Response. You will have a 10-minute break before the third section, which includes reading and language questions only.

You will need a minimum score of 145 to pass the Reasoning through Language Arts Test, which is one of the four tests you will need to pass in order to earn a high school equivalency diploma.

Reading Content Areas

You will answer questions based on a wide range of types of reading materials. Seventy-five percent of the questions are based on informational texts, which include workplace- and community-based documents, general nonfiction, and nonfiction related to general interest social studies and science topics. Twenty-five percent of the questions are based on fiction selections.

Language Content Areas

The language skills model real-life editing to ensure correct sentence structure, agreement (subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent), capitalization, punctuation, homonyms, and possessives. The questions also assess appropriate word choice and elimination of informal usage to fit the purpose of the writing task.

Extended Response

The Extended Response requires reading text materials and responding to a writing prompt (assignment) by developing an argument and supporting your ideas with evidence from the text.

Computer-Based RLA Test Question Formats

You will work with several different question formats on the RLA Test. Many of the questions will be in the familiar multiple-choice format, but you will need to be acquainted with the other formats as well.

Multiple-choice questions have four options (A through D). You will click on the best answer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Kaplan’s GED^® Test Book and Online Center

Getting Started

GED^® Test Overview

GED^® Computer-Based Testing

Kaplan GED^® Test Study Planners

GED^® Pretests

Reasoning through Language Arts Pretest

Mathematical Reasoning Pretest

Social Studies Pretest

Science Pretest

UNIT 1: REASONING THROUGH LANGUAGE ARTS

About the Test

Chapter 1: Interpreting Nonfiction and Informational Text

Lesson 1: Main Ideas and Details

Lesson 2: Restatement and Summary

Lesson 3: Application of Ideas

Lesson 4: Cause and Effect

Lesson 5: Compare and Contrast

Lesson 6: Conclusions and Generalizations

Lesson 7: Word Choice

Lesson 8: Writer’s Tone and Point of View

Lesson 9: Text Structure

Interpreting Nonfiction and Informational Text Practice Questions

Chapter 2: Analyzing Nonfiction and Informational Text

Lesson 1: Purpose of Text

Lesson 2: Effectiveness of Argument

Lesson 3: Validity of Arguments

Lesson 4: Text Related by Theme or Topic

Lesson 5: Texts with Opposing Arguments

Lesson 6: Texts with Related Graphic Information

Analyzing Nonfiction and Informational Text Practice Questions

Chapter 3: Interpreting Fiction

Lesson 1: Plot Elements

Lesson 2: Inferences

Lesson 3: Character

Lesson 4: Theme

Lesson 5: Style and Point of View

Lesson 6: Figurative Language

Interpreting Fiction Practice Questions

Chapter 4: Writing Effective Sentences

Lesson 1: Simple Sentences

Lesson 2: Compound and Complex Sentences

Lesson 3: Run-Ons and Comma Splices

Lesson 4: Subordinate Ideas

Lesson 5: Modify Ideas

Lesson 6: Parallel Structure

Writing Effective Sentences Practice Questions

Chapter 5: Connecting Ideas

Lesson 1: Organize Ideas into Paragraphs

Lesson 2: Use Logical Order and Relevant Ideas

Lesson 3: Relate Sentences and Paragraphs

Connecting Ideas Practice Questions

Chapter 6: Writing About Text

Lesson 1: Unpack the Writing Prompt

Lesson 2: Identify a Writer’s Arguments and Assumptions

Lesson 3: Develop a Thesis Statement

Lesson 4: Collect Supporting Evidence

Lesson 5: Plan Your Response

Lesson 6: Draft Your Response

Lesson 7: Revise and Edit Your Response

Writing About Text Practice

Chapter 7: Polishing Your Writing

Lesson 1: Strengthen Sentences

Lesson 2: Improve Organization

Lesson 3: Word Choice

Polishing Your Writing Practice Questions

Chapter 8: Using Grammar Correctly

Lesson 1: Noun and Pronoun Agreement

Lesson 2: Verb Forms and Tenses

Lesson 3: Subject-Verb Agreement

Using Grammar Correctly Practice Questions

Chapter 9: Using Writing Mechanics

Lesson 1: Comma Use

Lesson 2: Capitalization

Lesson 3: Possessives and Contractions

Lesson 4: Homonyms

Using Writing Mechanics Practice Questions

UNIT 2: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

About the Test

Chapter 1: Number Sense and Problem Solving

Lesson 1: Compare and Order Numbers

Lesson 2: Whole Number Operations

Lesson 3: GED^® Test Calculator Skills

Lesson 4: Word Problems

Lesson 5: Distance and Cost

Number Sense and Problem Solving Practice Questions

Chapter 2: Decimals and Fractions

Lesson 1: Decimal Basics

Lesson 2: Decimal Operations

Lesson 3: Fraction Basics

Lesson 4: Fraction Operations

Lesson 5: Fraction and Decimal Equivalencies

Lesson 6: Decimals and Fractions on the Number Line

Lesson 7: Decimal and Fraction Calculator Skills

Decimals and Fractions Practice Questions

Chapter 3: Ratio, Proportion, and Percent

Lesson 1: Ratio and Proportion

Lesson 2: Percents

Lesson 3: Using the Percent Formula

Lesson 4: Percent Calculator Skills

Lesson 5: Simple Interest

Lesson 6: Percent of Change

Ratio, Proportion, and Percent Practice Questions

Chapter 4: Data, Statistics, and Probability

Lesson 1: Tables and Pictographs

Lesson 2: Bar and Line Graphs

Lesson 3: Circle Graphs

Lesson 4: Measures of Central Tendency

Lesson 5: Line Plots

Lesson 6: Histograms

Lesson 7: Probability

Lesson 8: Combinations

Lesson 9: Permutations

Lesson 10: Compare Proportions in Different Formats

Data, Statistics, and Probability Practice Questions

Chapter 5: Algebra Basics, Expressions, and Polynomials

Lesson 1: The Number Line and Signed Numbers

Lesson 2: Powers and Roots

Lesson 3: Scientific Notation

Lesson 4: Order of Operations

Lesson 5: Absolute Value

Lesson 6: Algebraic Expressions

Lesson 7: Expressions and Calculator Skills

Lesson 8: Understand Polynomials

Lesson 9: Simplify Polynomials

Lesson 10: Add and Subtract Polynomials

Lesson 11: Multiply Polynomials

Lesson 12: Divide Polynomials

Algebra Basics, Expressions, and Polynomials Practice Questions

Chapter 6: Equations, Inequalities, and Functions

Lesson 1: Equations

Lesson 2: Equation Word Problems

Lesson 3: Inequalities

Lesson 4: Quadratic Equations

Lesson 5: Algebra Problem Solving

Lesson 6: The Coordinate Plane

Lesson 7: Graphing a Line

Lesson 8: Slope of a Line

Lesson 9: Slope and Equations

Lesson 10: Systems of Linear Equations

Lesson 11: Patterns and Functions

Lesson 12: Function Applications

Lesson 13: Function Notation

Equations, Inequalities, and Functions Practice Questions

Chapter 7: Geometry

Lesson 1: Plane Figures

Lesson 2: Triangles

Lesson 3: Pythagorean Relationship

Lesson 4: Perimeter and Area

Lesson 5: Circles

Lesson 6: Volume

Lesson 7: Surface Area

Lesson 8: Combined Figures

Lesson 9: Geometry Calculator Skills

Geometry Practice Questions

GED^® Test Mathematics Formula Sheet

UNIT 3: SOCIAL STUDIES

About the Test

Chapter 1: Social Studies Practices

Lesson 1: Determine Central Idea and Draw Conclusions

Lesson 2: Interpret Words and Ideas

Lesson 3: Analyze Author’s Purpose and Point of View

Lesson 4: Evaluate Author’s Reasoning and Evidence

Lesson 5: Analyze Relationships Between Materials

Lesson 6: Interpret Data and Statistics

Social Studies Practices Practice Questions

Chapter 2: U.S. History

Lesson 1: Exploration, Colonialism, and the American Revolution

Lesson 2: Westward Expansion, the Civil War, and Reconstruction

Lesson 3: Industrialization, Immigration, and the Progressive Era

Lesson 4: The United States as an Emerging World Power

Lesson 5: The Cold War and the Civil Rights Era

U.S. History Practice Questions

Chapter 3: Civics and Government

Lesson 1: Historic Basis for U.S. System

Lesson 2: Constitutional Government

Lesson 3: Levels and Branches of Government

Lesson 4: The Electoral System

Lesson 5: The Role of the Citizen

Civics and Government Practice Questions

Chapter 4: Economics

Lesson 1: Basic Economics Concepts

Lesson 2: The U.S. Economic System

Lesson 3: The Economy and the U.S. Government

Lesson 4: Labor and Consumer Issues

Economics Practice Questions

Chapter 5: Geography and the World

Lesson 1: Early Civilizations

Lesson 2: Feudalism to Nation States

Lesson 3: The Age of Revolutions

Lesson 4: Exploration, Colonialism, and Wars

Lesson 5: Humans and the Environment

Lesson 6: Using Resources Wisely

Geography and the World Practice Questions

UNIT 4: SCIENCE

About the Test

Chapter 1: Science Practices

Lesson 1: Comprehend Scientific Presentations

Lesson 2: Use the Scientific Method

Lesson 3: Reason with Scientific Information

Lesson 4: Express and Apply Scientific Information

Lesson 5: Use Statistics and Probability

Lesson 6: Apply Scientific Formulas

Science Practices Practice Questions

Chapter 2: Life Science

Lesson 1: Cell Structures and Functions

Lesson 2: Cell Processes and Energy

Lesson 3: Human Body Systems

Lesson 4: Health Issues

Lesson 5: Reproduction and Heredity

Lesson 6: Modern Genetics

Lesson 7: Evolution and Natural Selection

Lesson 8: Organization of Ecosystems

Life Science Practice Questions

Chapter 3: Earth and Space Science

Lesson 1: Structure of Earth

Lesson 2: Earth’s Resources

Lesson 3: Weather and Climate

Lesson 4: Earth in the Solar System

Lesson 5: The Expanding Universe

Earth and Space Science Practice Questions

Chapter 4: Physical Science

Lesson 1: Atoms and Molecules

Lesson 2: Properties and States of Matter

Lesson 3: Chemical Reactions

Lesson 4: The Nature of Energy

Lesson 5: Motion and Forces

Lesson 6: Electricity and Magnetism

Physical Science Practice Questions

GED^® Practice Tests

Reasoning through Language Arts Practice Test

Mathematical Reasoning Practice Test

Social Studies Practice Test

Science Practice Test

GED^® Answers and Explanations

GED^® Pretest Answers and Explanations

GED^® Unit Answers and Explanations

GED^® Practice Test Answers and Explanations

GED^® Test Resources

Reasoning through Language Arts Extended Response Evaluation Guide

GED^® Test Mathematics Formula Sheet

TI-30XS Calculator Reference Sheet

Æ Symbol Tool Explanation

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