Cardiovascular Physiology, Ninth Edition 9th Edition

Book Preface

In this our final edition as primary authors of this text, we have continued our penchant of focusing on the big picture of how and why the cardiovascular system operates as it does. Our firm belief is that to evaluate the importance and consequences of specific details it is essential to appreciate where they fit in the big picture. The core idea is for students not to get lost in the forest for the trees. The same approach will serve practitioners well throughout their careers as they evaluate new information as it arises.
The cardiovascular system is a circular interconnection of many individual components—each with its own rules of operation that must be followed. But in the intact system, the individual components are forced to interact with each other. A change in the operation of any one component has repercussions throughout the system. Understanding such interactions is essential to developing a big picture of how the intact system behaves. Only then can one fully understand all the consequences of malfunctions in particular components and/or particular clinical interventions.
This ninth edition includes some recent, new findings as well as a newly added emphasis on cardiovascular energetics. The latter is a result of our recent realization that maximizing energy efficiency to limit the workload on the heart is an important part of the overall plan.
As always, we express sincere thanks to our families for their continual support of our efforts, and to our mentors, colleagues, and students for all they have taught us over the years. Also, these authors would like to thank each other for the uncountable but fruitful hours we have spent arguing about how the cardiovascular system operates from our own (and often very different perspectives).

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Objectives
Evolution and Homeostatic Role of the Cardiovascular System
Overall Design of the Cardiovascular System
The Basic Physics of Blood Flow
Material Transport by Blood Flow
The Heart
The Vasculature
Blood
Perspectives
Chapter 2 Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells
Objectives
Electrical Activity of Cardiac Muscle Cells
Mechanical Activity of the Heart
Relating Cardiac Muscle Cell Mechanics to Ventricular Function
Perspectives
Chapter 3 The Heart Pump
Objectives
Cardiac Cycle
Determinants of Cardiac Output
Influences on Stroke Volume
Summary of Determinants of Cardiac Output
Summary of Sympathetic Neural Influences on Cardiac Function

Cardiac Energetics
Perspectives
Chapter 4 Measurements of Cardiac Function
Objectives
Measurement of Mechanical Function
Measurement of Cardiac Excitation—The Electrocardiogram
Perspectives
Chapter 5 Cardiac Abnormalities
Objectives
Electrical Abnormalities and Arrhythmias
Cardiac Valve Abnormalities
Perspectives
Chapter 6 The Peripheral Vascular System
Objectives
Transcapillary Transport
Resistance and Flow in Networks of Vessels
Normal Conditions in the Peripheral Vasculature
Measurement of Arterial Pressure
Determinants of Arterial Pressure
Perspectives
Chapter 7 Vascular Control
Objectives
Vascular Smooth Muscle
Control of Arteriolar Tone
Control of Venous Tone
Summary of Primary Vascular Control Mechanisms
Vascular Control in Specific Organs
Perspectives
Chapter 8 Hemodynamic Interactions
Objectives
Key System Components
Central Venous Pressure: An Indicator of Circulatory Status

Perspectives

Chapter 9 Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Objectives
Short-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure
Perspectives
Chapter 10 Cardiovascular Responses to Physiological Stresses
Objectives
Primary Disturbances and Compensatory Responses
Effect of Respiratory Activity
Effect of Gravity
Effect of Exercise
Normal Cardiovascular Adaptations
Perspectives
Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Function in Pathological Situations
Objectives
Circulatory Shock
Cardiac Disturbances
Hypertension
Perspectives
Answers to Study Questions
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Index